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#vlsi

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Today #VLSI chips are uually CMOS, with a single phase clock, and often contain static circuitry. Early #MOS LSI and VLSI chips were PMOS or NMOS, and usually used two-phase or four-phase dynamic logic. I recently wondered why the four-phase techniques couldn't have been used with only three phases, obtaining most of the benefit of four-plase, but increasing circuit density and speed.
Well, I'm late to the party. It's not well-known, but NCR invented that in 1967:
patents.google.com/patent/US34

patents.google.comUS3497715A - Three-phase metal-oxide-semiconductor logic circuit - Google Patents

Wanted to play around with #VLSI technology mapping using AND-INVERTER graphs. I got as far as reading a cell library in GENLIB format. Now I need to convert the boolean logic expressions into A-I graphs using DeMorgan substitutions. Running out of steam though.

Replied in thread

@rafetoots This thread made me think: besides learning a programming language in depth, I wonder about your knowledge of version control (#git, #github), editors/IDE's (#codium), operating systems (#windows, #linux, #wsl), embedded (#arduino, #pi), hardware (#kicad, #freecad), processor design (#fpga, #vlsi, nand2tetris.org/ maybe), sub-atomic-physics (joking), and so much more!

It's often the ancillary stuff, or foundational stuff that gets in the way of learning programming.

nand2tetrisHome | nand2tetris
Continued thread

Lynn developed "generalized dynamic instruction dispatch" for IBM in 1966. 2 years later she was kicked out, just after Robert Tomasulo published the "Tomasulo Algorithm" for out-of-order execution of floating point instructions, utilizing Lynn's work. Everyone knows Tomasulo (and he did great work, mind you!), but no-one knows Lynn.

Later, in technical compsci, you may stumble upon highly integrated circuits, everyone there knows #VLSI, but not the inventor, our dear Dr. Conway.

Her story, her struggle against IBM who took decades to apologize to her for her mistreatment. She transitioned in darker times and pioneered not "only" in compsci. She was what many would call "greater than life". She died a few days ago.

Today, let's remember Lynn 🏳️‍⚧️, tomorrow we'll fight on ✊

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Continued thread

On a personal level, Conway gives a hefty share of the credit for her accomplishments to gender transition itself.

"I can’t explain any other way how I could have done what I did," she says.

"I actually became a really different person.”

“Being able to see a moment and be decisive and seize it, and make it happen,” she continues.

“Getting other people all fired up, and working together towards [a] shared mission… new capabilities I didn’t have before,
that completely enhanced my feeling of being alive."

That is why she believes that trans people are unusually likely to have ideas ahead of their time,
or to be at the forefront of new artistic or technological movements.

"We are highly empowered
– in ways that people may not understand
– because of the joyfulness we feel in having been able to do what we do in spite of the difficulties," she says.

Despite this, Conway is keen to be seen first and foremost as a talented engineer.

She urges me to read a recent interview with the pop star Kim Petras, who said:
"I just so happen to be transgender, but that’s not all I am... reaching equality is being able to be known as a great artist.”

Perhaps there is no contradiction. Conway appears to see transition as just one of many "profound" experiences that can give someone a risk-taking edge
or an unusual perspective,
likening it to a particularly immersive adventure sport.

Gender, race, disability, innovation and oppression: as ever for Conway, it’s all connected.

Today she is still drawing connections.

She regularly chats with academics and engineers across the world, sending LinkedIn messages to strangers she finds interesting.

She is well abreast of the microchip war between China and the West,
and sees in artificial intelligences such as ChatGPT the potential for another "unfolding" that multiplies ordinary people’s abilities.

"Things are changing so fast that every few years is sort of like decades," she says.

"Forces are clashing, and it’s either headed into something joyous or it’s going to go ‘boom’."

Humanity, she argues, is caught in a race between the escalating speed of change and our limited ability to predict and adapt to it.

The current backlash against trans rights is one manifestation of this dynamic;
the next may be over cybernetic "amplification" of our bodies and minds.

Nevertheless, Conway is hopeful for the future,
and for trans people’s role in it
– not least because transitioning is "just too much fun" to stop people from doing it.

"We’re going to watch the trans community become a powerful force
for novel and exciting views about life that have not surfaced before," she says.

"And people are going to want to listen to what we have to say
– not because we’re trans, but because we’re delivering goods.

"And [eventually] they forget you’re trans, and wonder ‘how did you get that way?’

And then you can tell them:
‘Well, I lived a pretty adventurous life.’"

Continued thread

It was only after her retirement, when research into IBM’s nearly-forgotten Project Y threatened to uncover her past,
that she began coming out to people beyond her inner circle.

She remains sensitive about how her story is described, wary of misrepresentation.

In 2000 she started writing about her experiences and compiling evidence of her work on her personal website,
making it a resource for people considering or beginning transition.

She engaged in activism, pressing the IEEE to include trans people in its code of ethics
and marshalling opposition to the theories of controversial sexologist Kenneth Zucker.

In the end, Conway believes, the danger made her stronger, and was eclipsed by the "dramatic, profound joy" of having transitioned.

To finally be comfortable in herself after so long in chains was like suddenly being able to fly
– and gave her a deep appreciation for what she had.

‘Things are changing so fast. Every few years is like decades’

Conway has thought deeply about what drives innovation.

She is scathing about the so-called "great man theory" of history, which credits paradigm shifts to the individual genius of powerful people.

"When you’ve been on the inside of all these tents and stuck your nose through all the peepholes... you start noticing that it’s madness all the way up," she says.

"The further up you go, the weirder it gets.

Instead, she argues, paradigm shifts come about through a complex "unfolding" process
in which many individuals exploit the possibilities unlocked by new technologies and ideas,
communicating with and learning from each other as they go.

One of her favourite examples
– and a major inspiration for her approach to VLSI
– was the intertwined march of railroads and telegraph wires across the US.

Rather than some grand plan, she describes it as an "exploratory process"
where groups who founded new settlements could quickly establish links back to the lands they’d left behind
and use them as a scaffold for further exploration.

Continued thread

Yet by the early Sixties, a change was rippling through the underbelly of American society.

As Conway tells it, the media sensation over Christine Jorgensen
– a trans former Army draftee who was outed by The New York Post in 1952
– had alerted a growing minority to the truth that it was, actually,
entirely possible to change one’s secondary sex characteristics through hormone therapy and surgery.

Not unlike VLSI, the knowledge spread by example, driven by people’s desire to make use of it rather than by top-down mandate.

To Conway, all this felt like a natural fit with the can-do spirit of the early tech industry.

"There was a feeling in the air that we were all being empowered to take all this burgeoning new knowledge and just go do stuff," she says.

" If you wanted to [modify your body] why not try it?"

Possible is not the same as easy.

Conway’s transition, beginning in 1967, ultimately sundered her first marriage and cut her off from her family for years.

There were times when she escaped violence only narrowly,
and she could not rely on the law for protection.

Other girls she knew were sex workers who were routinely victimised by the police
– events she still shudders to remember.

Conway played the spy game, and in time her pre-transition self came to seem like a different person
("I call him my evil twin brother," she says).

Often she would meet former colleagues who didn’t realise they’d already met her.

Continued thread

A ‘haunted’ world where transphobic violence was the norm

At the tail end of the 1950s, one of Conway’s friends introduced her to the dean of a prestigious medical school.

She’d heard stories about people changing their sex, and she wanted to know: was it really possible?

Absolutely not, the dean told her.

Such procedures could only make her a "freak", and pursuing them would likely end up with her in a mental institution.

"That set me back," she recalls. "That was horrible."

This was the environment in which Conway came of age.

She remembers family holidays in Texas where she witnessed how Black people were treated by local whites
– a glimpse of the violence lurking underneath the "appearance of normalcy" that adults seemed to cling to.

"It was like the world was haunted," she says.

"You go to church on Sunday and everyone’s pretending this is all wonderful.
But it’s not all wonderful, and if you get any hint that you might fall into one of these categories,
it’s like suddenly you’re in the middle ages,
and there’s spirits and terrors and devils that are gonna get you."
#Carver #Mead #transitioning #Lynn #Conway #VLSI