Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The accquistion of information was the most important function of early modern diplomats which was facilitaded through the establishment of permanent embassies from the 15th century onwards and discussed in numerous contemporary handbooks and treatises on early modern diplomacy. The boundaries between overt and covert, legal and illegal information gathering were fluid. This ambiguity finds expression in the term honourable espion which was coined by Pierre Ayrault. (5/7) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>diplomat</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>diplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/espionage" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>espionage</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Histodons</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://wisskomm.social/@MaxWeberStiftung" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>MaxWeberStiftung</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>womenknowhistory</span></a></span></p>
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#emdiplomat
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Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Lobenwein is a Post-Doc at the German Historical Institute at Rome <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://wisskomm.social/@MaxWeberStiftung" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>MaxWeberStiftung</span></a></span> After research on nobility and questions of medical history, her current project focuses on the acquisition and processing of information of Habsburg and Venetian diplomats in the Ottoman Empire </p><p><a href="https://dhi-roma.it/index.php?id=lobenwein&L=24" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">dhi-roma.it/index.php?id=loben</span><span class="invisible">wein&L=24</span></a> (3/7) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>diplomat</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rome" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Rome</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/OttomanEmpire" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>OttomanEmpire</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Habsburg" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Habsburg</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Venice" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Venice</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>womenknowhistory</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>womenknowhistory</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> </p><p>It is crucial to recognise that an <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>’s networks were not necessarily diplomatic in itself, as being an envoy or an ambassador was usually only a part of a courtly or administrative career. However, a diplomat stayed in foreign country for some extended time, his networks to regional actors or other diplomats became an asset. At the same time, he had to maintain his contacts to his home court. The networks of the wives of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomats</span></a> could also be of great importance, as they often had access to different circles. (7/8) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> </p><p>In order to analyse the diplomatic activities of the members of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>’s household, research has to shift focus with regard to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacysSources" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacysSources</span></a>. It is not enough to evaluate diplomatic file material, which rarely mentions these individuals. Instead, research must increasingly resort to first person documents. (10/10) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomats</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> </p><p>Lower-ranking envoys often resided in place for decades and thus built networks that enabled them to compensate for the disadvantages of their low status. Their lack of access to the ruler was compensated for by their contacts with members of the court. <br>Neither have these lower-ranking agents and residents nor their networking and its importance for the functioning of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> been researched in detail, as Externbring and Ferber highlight. The same is true for the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>'s household. (9/10) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/EarlyModernEurope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>EarlyModernEurope</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>We want to conclude this year’s <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> with a very special <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Hanno (1510-1516) (1/7) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Afanasii Ordin-Nashchokin was the offspring of a family of the provincial gentry. But it was his father’s wish to provide him with an education in German, Latin and even mathematics. This might have been the base for his career as a civil servant and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>. In 1642 Ordin-Nashchokin was part of the delegation that negotiated the border between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a> following the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>peace</span></a> of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Stolbovo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Stolbovo</span></a> in 1617. Thereafter, he seemed to be engaged with domestic politics. (4/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The extension and intensification of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a>’s international contacts in the 17th century enhanced the status of the Ambassadorial Chancery that was also in charge of managing a number of cities, monasteries and several territorial chanceries. Since 1667 boyars (members of the highest rank of feudal nobility) rather than ‘conciliar secretaries’ were often appointed to head the missions; as an example, one should name Afanasii Ordin-Nashchokin (1605–1680), our <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day! (3/6)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The greater part of this work was done by secretaries and undersecretaries who corresponded in Russian. The Ambassadorial Chancery also had a number of translators and interpreters. These positions were often occupied by subjects of foreign states who entered the Russian service or less often Russians released from captivity. </p><p>Moreover, although noble origin was a prerequisite for the appointment of a Russian <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>, aristocrats often lacked appropriate skills. Therefore, since the middle of the 16th century the head of mission had a deputy drawn from the staff of the Ambassadorial Chancery – an experienced secretary or undersecretary, sometimes employee of other chanceries, who was responsible for negotiation itself & paperwork. A century later ‘conciliar secretaries’ were included into the most representative missions and could even head them. (2/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Afansii Ordin-Nashchokin (1605-1680) <br> </p><p>1549 marks the birth of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> Russian foreign office. Founded by tsar Ivan IV the institution developed into the Ambassadorial Chancery during the latter half of the 16th century. </p><p>The Ambassadorial Chancery was responsible for organising the reception of foreign <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/embassies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>embassies</span></a>, conducting preliminary negotiations, drawing up instructions for Russian <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomats</span></a> and working with their reports, registering foreign merchants and artisans living in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a>, managing <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Moscow" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Moscow</span></a> settlements inhabited by them and special courtyards for receiving <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>diplomats</span></a>. (1/6)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Two years later, Brunell’s career as a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> began with a position as an <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/embassy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>embassy</span></a> secretary in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Berlin" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Berlin</span></a> where he stayed until 1714. In 1716 he was sent to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Kassel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Kassel</span></a> in the same capacity to assist the Swedish resident in the lantgraviate Hesse-Kassel, Axel Sparre. However, he did not arrive in Kassel before June 1717. After Sparre was recalled in 1719, Brunell was promoted to Swedish resident in Hesse-Kassel and ennobled with the name <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/%C3%96rncrona" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Örncrona</span></a>. Three years later, he was recalled. Back in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Stockholm" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Stockholm</span></a>, Örncrona was appointed royal councillor. Only a few years later, in 1728, his diplomatic career continued when he was appointed Swedish <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/ambassador" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ambassador</span></a> to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Denmark" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Denmark</span></a>, where he died in 1734. (2/5)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/courtStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>courtStudies</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Nils Brunell Örncrona (1673-1734) </p><p>Although we have been presenting a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>diplomat</span></a> every day for the last three weeks, we are not running out of ideas and have more interesting examples of diplomatic actors to fill the last few days before the holidays. </p><p>Today we want to introduce you to Nils Brunell who became a registrar at the Swedish royal chancery after he had concluded his studies at the university of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Uppsala" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Uppsala</span></a> in 1702. It was chancellor Axel Oxenstierna (1583-1654) who introduced the requirement of university studies for future civil servants in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a>. (1/5) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>However, Chigi felt sorry for himself during his stay in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Westphalia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Westphalia</span></a> and did not hesitate to tell his employer about the hardships he had to endure. These expressions of suffering were not only testimonies of a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>’s feelings but also served a communicative purpose. By reporting on and emphasising his own hardships, the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>diplomat</span></a> was able to present himself as a loyal servant of his master who gave everything to fulfil his mission. This in return could strengthen his relationship with his master, advance his career or lead to other favours. To make his reports more vivid, he even enclosed a slice of pumpernickel in one of his letters.</p><p>If you want to read more of Chigi's thoughts, you can find his diary from the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>WestphalianPeaceCongress</span></a> within the Acta Pacis Westphalica series:</p><p><a href="https://apw.digitale-sammlungen.de/search/start.html?lang=en" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">apw.digitale-sammlungen.de/sea</span><span class="invisible">rch/start.html?lang=en</span></a></p><p> (4/4) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Fabio Chigi (1599-1667) </p><p> </p><p>Home of the clouds, so I called you, <br>The ornament of Westphalia (without hurting you) <br>I want to say gently... </p><p>This is how Fabio Chigi’s <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/poem" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>poem</span></a> about the rain in the city of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/M%C3%BCnster" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Münster</span></a> begins where Chigi stayed during the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>WestphalianPeaceCongress</span></a> in which he participated as papal mediator. (1/4) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/PoemOfTheDay" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>PoemOfTheDay</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>In 1680, he became an <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/envoy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>envoy</span></a> extraordinaire of the elector of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Brandenburg" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Brandenburg</span></a> in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Paris" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Paris</span></a>. He left that position in 1688 and returned first in 1701. With the outbreak of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WarOfTheSpanishSucession" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>WarOfTheSpanishSucession</span></a> Spanheim moved to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/London" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>London</span></a> again as a representative of the young kingdom <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Prussia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Prussia</span></a>. (4/7)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/History" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>History</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Spanhein stayed in the service of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Palatine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Palatine</span></a> dynasty until 1680. During this time, he worked not only as a tutor but also as councillor and from the 1660s even as <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>. In this capacity he was dispatched to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rome" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Rome</span></a> in the early 1660s where he not only established diplomatic relations between the Elecotrate of Palatine and the Vatican but also met Christina, the abdicated queen of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a>, and her literary and scientific circles. Thereafter he represented the interests of the elector Palatine in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Paris" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Paris</span></a> and worked as Palatine resident in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Cologne" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Cologne</span></a> during the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/FrancoDutchWar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>FrancoDutchWar</span></a>. In 1675 and again in 1678 he was appointed <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/ambassador" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ambassador</span></a> of the elector of Palatine in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/London" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>London</span></a>. However, he did not only represent the interests of his master but also those of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Brandenburg" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Brandenburg</span></a>. As <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> he participated in the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>peace</span></a> congresses of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Aachen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Aachen</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Nijmegen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Nijmegen</span></a>. (3/7) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Ezekiel Spanheim (1629-1710) </p><p>With Ezekiel Spanheim we want to highlight another group of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> diplomatic actors and a field within <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> that both require more research: the connections between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> and the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/RepublicOfLetters" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>RepublicOfLetters</span></a>. (1/7) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>After the goal of negotiating <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>peace</span></a> between the southern and northern <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Netherlands" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Netherlands</span></a> in secret proved unattainable, <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Rubens</span></a> became involved in the efforts to bring about a peace treaty between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Spain</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/England" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>England</span></a> from 1627. On behalf of Archduchess Isabella, Rubens made contact with the art agent of the Duke of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Buckingham" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Buckingham</span></a> who later also entered the service of the English king. Rubens met him under the guise of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/art" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>art</span></a> business and artist visits. The aim was to persuade the United Provinces of the Netherlands to make peace through peace between Spain and England. In preparation for the negotiations in England, Rubens was now officially installed as a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>; he travelled to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Madrid" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Madrid</span></a>, where he was not appointed <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/envoy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>envoy</span></a>, which his low rank did not allow, but negotiator. The Spanish king awarded him the title of 'Secretary of the Privy Council of the Netherlands'. (5/6)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceResearch" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceResearch</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) </p><p>Peter Paul Rubens is known for his paintings and his <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/art" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>art</span></a>, however, he is less known for his diplomatic activities. Although he was no exception, many <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> artists were involved in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> in addition to their artistry, or actually more precisely because of it. (1/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Throughout his life, Meuting was not restricted to one profession. He was merchant, cultural mediator and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>. His several roles existed simultaneously, overlapped and sometimes competed with each other. </p><p>If you want to know more about Anton Meuting, we recommend the book by Mark Häberlein and Magdalena Bayreuther (in German): </p><p>Häberlein, Mark, Bayreuther, Magdalena: Agent und Ambassador. Der Kaufmann Anton Meuting als Vermittler zwischen Bayern und Spanien im Zeitalter Philipps II. Augsburg 2013. (6/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
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