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Giuseppe MichieliA rapid <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/review" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#review</a> of the avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/E627K" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#E627K</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mutation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mutation</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/human" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#human</a> infection studies, <a href="https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-rapid-review-of-avian-influenza.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/04/a-rapid-review-of-avian-influenza.html</a>

Giuseppe MichieliSynergistic effects of PA (S184N) and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> (E627K) <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mutations" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mutations</a> on the increased pathogenicity of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H3N2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H3N2</a> canine <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> virus <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/infections" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#infections</a> in mice and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/dogs" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#dogs</a>, <a href="https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/04/synergistic-effects-of-pa-s184n-and-pb2.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/04/synergistic-effects-of-pa-s184n-and-pb2.html</a>

Giuseppe MichieliCross-species and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammal</a>-to-mammal <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/transmission" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transmission</a> of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> A <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> with <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> adaptations, <a href="https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/03/cross-species-and-mammal-to-mammal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/03/cross-species-and-mammal-to-mammal.html</a>

Giuseppe Michieli{<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/USA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#USA</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Nevada" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Nevada</a>} The Occurrence of Another Highly Pathogenic Avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Influenza</a> (HPAI) <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Spillover" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spillover</a> from Wild <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Birds" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Birds</a> into Dairy <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Cattle" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Cattle</a>, <a href="https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/02/usa-nevada-occurrence-of-another-highly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/02/usa-nevada-occurrence-of-another-highly.html</a> Analysis of hemagglutinin gene of Nevada dairy cattle viruses did not identify changes predicted to impact <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/infectivity" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#infectivity</a> or <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/adaptation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adaptation</a> to mammalian hosts. However, a change of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> D701N commonly associated with mammalian adaptation of HPAI virus was identified in viruses sequenced from four separate dairy cattle.

Giuseppe Michieli''Compared to the Svalbard avian index case, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/segment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#segment</a> of the walrus sequence contained only 2 aa <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/substitutions" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#substitutions</a>, including <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/E627K" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#E627K</a> mutation, which is known to enhance <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/infectivity" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#infectivity</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammals" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammals</a>. Interestingly, all avian HPAIV H5N5 from Norway, as well as the walrus sequence, have a set of 6 aa in PB2 that have been reported to favour infection of mammals [Citation11].''

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Chicken" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Chicken</a> ANP32A-independent <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/replication" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#replication</a> of highly pathogenic avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> viruses potentially leads to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammalian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammalian</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/adaptation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adaptation</a>-related amino acid substitutions in viral <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PA</a> proteinsSource: Journal of Virology, ABSTRACTAcidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A (ANP32A) is an important host factor that supports the efficient replication of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). To develop an antiviral strategy against Gs/Gd-lineage H5 highly pathogenic…<a href="https://etidioh.wordpress.com/2024/11/21/chicken-anp32a-independent-replication-of-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-viruses-potentially-leads-to-mammalian-adaptation-related-amino-acid-substitutions-in-viral-pb2-and-pa-proteins/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidioh.wordpress.com/2024/11/21/chicken-anp32a-independent-replication-of-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-viruses-potentially-leads-to-mammalian-adaptation-related-amino-acid-substitutions-in-viral-pb2-and-pa-proteins/</a>

Giuseppe MichieliCharacterization of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> virus isolated from <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/bird" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#bird</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Russia</a> with the <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/E627K" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#E627K</a> mutation in the <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> proteinSource: Scientific Reports, AbstractCurrently A(H5Nx) avian influenza viruses are globally widespread and continue to evolve. Since their emergence in 2020 novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b reassortant viruses have become predominant in the world and caused multiple infections in mammals. It was shown that some of…<a href="https://etidioh.wordpress.com/2024/11/04/characterization-of-h5n1-avian-influenza-virus-isolated-from-bird-in-russia-with-the-e627k-mutation-in-the-pb2-protein/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidioh.wordpress.com/2024/11/04/characterization-of-h5n1-avian-influenza-virus-isolated-from-bird-in-russia-with-the-e627k-mutation-in-the-pb2-protein/</a>

Giuseppe MichieliAn emerging <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>-627 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/polymorphism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#polymorphism</a> increases <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pandemic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pandemic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/potential" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#potential</a> of avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> virus by breaking through ANP32 host restriction in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammalian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammalian</a> & avian hosts, BioRxIV: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601996v4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601996v4</a> by screening the global PB2 seq., we discovered a new independent cluster with PB2-627V emerged in the '10s, which is prevalent in various avian, mammalian, & human isolates of AIVs, including <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H9N2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H9N2</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H7N9" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H7N9</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H3N8" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H3N8</a>, 2.3.4.4b <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a>, and other subtypes.

Giuseppe MichieliDecoding non- <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/human" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#human</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammalian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammalian</a> adaptive <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/signatures" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#signatures</a> of 2.3.4.4b <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> to assess its human adaptive <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/potential" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#potential</a>, BioRxIV: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.26.609722v1?rss=1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.26.609722v1?rss=1</a> H5N1 infections in mammals across time showed a unique set of adaptations in 2.3.4.4b clade compared to previously circulating strains, especially acquisition of Q591 adaptation in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> that enables human adaptation.

Giuseppe MichieliEnhanced Diversifying <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Selection" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Selection</a> on <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Polymerase" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Polymerase</a> Genes in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> Clade 2.3.4.4b: A Key Driver of Altered <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Species" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Species</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Tropism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Tropism</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Host" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Host</a> Range Expansion, BioRxIV: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.606826v1?rss=1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.606826v1?rss=1</a> the polymerase genes <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB1</a>, and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PA</a> exhibit significantly greater selection pressures in clade 2.3.4.4b than in all the earlier H5N1 virus clades. Polymerases play critical roles in influenza virus adaptation, including viral fitness, interspecies transmission, and virulence.

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Outcome" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Outcome</a> of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> clade 2.3.4.4b virus <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/infection" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#infection</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/calves" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#calves</a> and lactating <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/cows" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#cows</a>, BioRxIV: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.09.607272v1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.09.607272v1</a> Adaptive <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mutation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mutation</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/E627K" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#E627K</a> emerged after intramammary <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/replication" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#replication</a> of H5N1 euDG. Our data suggest that in addition to H5N1 B3.13, other HPAIV H5N1 strains have potential to replicate in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/udder" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#udder</a> of cows & that <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/milk" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#milk</a> & milking procedures, rather than respiratory spread, are likely the primary routes of H5N1 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/transmission" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transmission</a> between cattle.

Giuseppe MichieliAn emerging <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>-627 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/polymorphism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#polymorphism</a> increases the <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pandemic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pandemic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/potential" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#potential</a> of avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> virus by breaking through ANP32 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/host" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#host</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/restriction" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#restriction</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammalian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammalian</a> and avian hosts, BioRxIV: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601996v3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601996v3</a> ...we discovered a new independent <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/cluster" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#cluster</a> with PB2-627V emerged in the 2010s, which is prevalent in various avian, mammalian, and human isolates of AIVs, including <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H9N2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H9N2</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H7N9" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H7N9</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H3N8" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H3N8</a>, 2.3.4.4b <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a>, and other subtypes.

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Genomic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Genomic</a> Characterization of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/HPAI" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HPAI</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> Virus Newly Emerged in Dairy <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Cattle" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Cattle</a>, Emerg Microbes Infect.: <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2024.2380421" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2024.2380421</a> B3.13 viruses underwent 2 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/reassortment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#reassortment</a> events since 2023 & exhibit critical <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mutations" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mutations</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/HA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HA</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/M1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#M1</a>, & <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/NS" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NS</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/genes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#genes</a> but lack critical mutations in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> & PB1 genes, which enhance virulence or adaptation to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammals" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammals</a>. <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> E627 K mutation in a <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/human" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#human</a> case associated with cattle underscores the potential for rapid evolution post-infection...

Giuseppe MichieliMultiple <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/transatlantic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transatlantic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/incursions" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#incursions</a> of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/HPAI" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HPAI</a> clade 2.3.4.4b A(<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N5" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N5</a>) virus into North <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/America" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#America</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/spillover" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#spillover</a> to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammals" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammals</a>, Cell Rep.: <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(24)00808-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124724008088%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(24)00808-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124724008088%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Seabirds" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Seabirds</a> likely enabled multiple incursions of A(H5N5) virus from <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Europe" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Europe</a> to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Canada" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Canada</a>. Some A(H5N5) viruses possessed the mammalian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/adaptation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adaptation</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/marker" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#marker</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>-E627K. A(H5N5) viruses demonstrated rapid 100% <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mortality" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mortality</a> and some transmission in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/ferrets" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ferrets</a>. A(H5N5) viruses preferred avian virus receptors and are sensitive to NA <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/inhibitors" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#inhibitors</a>.

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Aminoacid" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Aminoacid</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mutations" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mutations</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB1</a>-V719M and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PA</a>-N444D combined with <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>-627K contribute to the <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pathogenicity" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pathogenicity</a> of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H7N9" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H7N9</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mice" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mice</a>, Vet Res.: <a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-024-01342-6" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-024-01342-6</a> Overall, this study revealed that <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/virulence" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#virulence</a> in H7N9 is a <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/polygenic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#polygenic</a> trait and identified novel virulence-related residues (PB2-627K combined with PB1-719M and/or PA-444D) in viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes.

Giuseppe MichieliAn emerging <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>-627 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/polymorphism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#polymorphism</a> increases the <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pandemic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pandemic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/potential" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#potential</a> of avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> virus by breaking through ANP32 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/host" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#host</a> restriction in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammalian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammalian</a> and avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/hosts" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#hosts</a>, BioRxIV, <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601996v1?rss=1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.601996v1?rss=1</a> The PB2-627V polymorphism has been found in birds, humans, and mammals worldwide across more than ten AIV <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/subtypes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#subtypes</a>. Given the escalating global spread of AIVs, it is crucial to closely monitor influenza viruses carrying PB2-627V to prevent a pandemic.

Giuseppe Michieli... <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Mutations" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Mutations</a> in the <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> gene (<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/D701N" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#D701N</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Q591K" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Q591K</a>) associated with <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/adaptation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adaptation</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/transmission" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transmission</a> in mammals were detected suggesting a potential zoonotic risk.

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Avian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Avian</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/flu" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#flu</a>: «for whom the bell tolls»? Vopr Virusol.: <a href="https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16636" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16636</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> influenza clade 2.3.4.4b strains isolated from <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammals" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammals</a> have genetic signatures of partial <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/adaptation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adaptation</a> to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/human" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#human</a> body in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>, NP, HA, NA <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/genes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#genes</a>, which play a major role in regulating <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/aerosol" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#aerosol</a> transmission & host range of virus. Current situation poses a real <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/threat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#threat</a> of pre-adaptation in mammals as intermediate hosts, followed by transition of virus into human population with <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/catastrophic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#catastrophic</a> consequences.

Giuseppe MichieliViruses detected in both <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/cows" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#cows</a> & 2 human cases maintain primarily avian genetic characteristics & lack changes that would make them better adapted to infect or transmit b/w humans. Genome of human virus from MI did not have <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a> E627K change detected in virus from TX case, but had 1 notable change (PB2 M631L) compared to TX case that is known to be associated with viral adaptation to mammalian hosts, and which has been detected in 99% of dairy cow sequences but only sporadically in birds

Giuseppe MichieliHighly pathogenic avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> virus <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/infections" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#infections</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pinnipeds" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pinnipeds</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/seabirds" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#seabirds</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Uruguay" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Uruguay</a>: Implications for bird–mammal <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/transmission" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transmission</a> in South America, Virus Evol.: <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ve/article/10/1/veae031/7645834?login=false" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/ve/article/10/1/veae031/7645834?login=false</a> Uruguayan closely related strains from <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Peru" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Peru</a> (sea lions) & <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Chile" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Chile</a> (sea lions & <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/human" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#human</a> case) carry mammalian adaptative residues 591K & 701N in viral <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/PB2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PB2</a>. ... may have spread from mammals to mammals and seabirds, revealing a new transmission route.

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