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Giuseppe MichieliPhylogenetic <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/discordance" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#discordance</a> cannot identify <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/genomic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#genomic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/reassortment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#reassortment</a> events: a case study with the avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> virus <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a>, <a href="https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/03/phylogenetic-discordance-cannot.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/03/phylogenetic-discordance-cannot.html</a>

ℵ₀ 🏳️‍⚧️🏴‍☠️<a href="https://nextstrain.org/avian-flu/h5n1/ha/2y?dmin=2024-01-01" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://nextstrain.org/avian-flu/h5n1/ha/2y?dmin=2024-01-01</a> ↑ H5N1/HA JAN-1-2024—Current (2 year range, filtered to 2024)<a href="https://nextstrain.org/avian-flu/h5n1-cattle-outbreak/genome" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://nextstrain.org/avian-flu/h5n1-cattle-outbreak/genome</a> ↑ updated every ≈72H<a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/nextstrain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#nextstrain</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/avianinfluenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#avianinfluenza</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/H5N1" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5N1</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/BovineFlu" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#BovineFlu</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/bioinformatics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#bioinformatics</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/virology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#virology</a> <a href="https://mastodon.social/tags/epidemiology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#epidemiology</a>

Giuseppe MichieliRecurring <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/incursions" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#incursions</a> and <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/dissemination" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#dissemination</a> of novel <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Eurasian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Eurasian</a>-origin <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> viruses in Atlantic <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Canada" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Canada</a>, <a href="https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2024/12/recurring-incursions-and-dissemination.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2024/12/recurring-incursions-and-dissemination.html</a>

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Genotypic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Genotypic</a> & <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/phenotypic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#phenotypic</a> susceptibility of emerging avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> A viruses to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/NAIs" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NAIs</a> & cap-dependent endonuclease <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/inhibitors" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#inhibitors</a>, Antiviral Res.: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354224001682?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354224001682?via%3Dihub</a> Frequencies of markers of resistance to antivirals were low among >20,000 avian influenza A viruses studied. <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a>, <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H7Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H7Nx</a>, & <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H9N2" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H9N2</a> viruses were susceptible to sub-nanomolar concentrations of antivirals. NA-I222M, but not NA-S246N or NA-I222V, in H5N1 confers reduced inhibition by <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/oseltamivir" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#oseltamivir</a>.

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Assessment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Assessment</a> of <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Survival" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Survival</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Kinetics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Kinetics</a> for Emergent Highly Pathogenic Clade 2.3.4.4 <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> Avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Influenza</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Viruses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Viruses</a>, Viruses: <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/6/889" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/6/889</a> Statistical tests of the difference between the DT values and extinction times of each clade 2.3.4.4 strain at each <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/temperature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#temperature</a> indicated that the majority displayed different survival kinetics from the other strains at 4 °C and 20 °C.

Giuseppe Michieli<a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Seabird" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Seabird</a> and sea <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/duck" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#duck</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mortalities" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mortalities</a> were lower during the second breeding season in eastern <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Canada" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Canada</a> following the introduction of Highly Pathogenic Avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Influenza</a> A <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> viruses, BioRxIV, <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.591923v1?rss=1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.591923v1?rss=1</a> Mortalities in breeding season were 93% lower in 23 compared to 22 but encompassed a more diverse array of species. Mortalities in fall & winter (non-breeding season) were dominated by waterfowl, while mortalities during spring & summer (breeding season) were dominated by seabirds.

Giuseppe MichieliCharacterization of high pathogenicity avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> viruses from a wild harbor <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/seal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#seal</a> and red <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/foxes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#foxes</a> in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Denmark" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Denmark</a>, 2021 and 2022, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC10577164/?utm_source=Feedly&utm_medium=rss&utm_content=1LGAx__djGAJ9poBzWGqPtjEbBDtz4ipSRRPUplmgHEyyF_Ihj&ff=20231018064711&v=2.17.9.post6+86293ac" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/PMC10577164/?utm_source=Feedly&utm_medium=rss&utm_content=1LGAx__djGAJ9poBzWGqPtjEbBDtz4ipSRRPUplmgHEyyF_Ihj&ff=20231018064711&v=2.17.9.post6+86293ac</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/research" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#research</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/science" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#science</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/veterinary" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#veterinary</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/epizootic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#epizootic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/panzootic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#panzootic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/zoonoses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#zoonoses</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/EIDs" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#EIDs</a>

Giuseppe Michieli''Although <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> viruses have been detected at higher rates in North <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/America" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#America</a> since 2021, a <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/bidirectional" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#bidirectional</a> flow of H5Nx genes of American origin viruses to <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/Europe" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Europe</a> has never been reported. In the future, coordinated and systematic surveillance programs for HPAI viruses need to be launched between European and North American agencies.''

Giuseppe Michieli''Highly pathogenic avian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> (HPAI) <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> viruses can cause neurological <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/complications" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#complications</a> in many mammalian <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/species" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#species</a>, including <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/humans" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#humans</a>. Neurological disease induced by <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/HPAI" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HPAI</a> H5Nx viruses in mammals can manifest without clinical respiratory disease. HPAI H5Nx viruses are more <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/neuropathogenic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#neuropathogenic</a> than other influenza A viruses in mammals. Severe neurological disease in mammals is related to the neuroinvasive and neurotropic potential of HPAI H5Nx viruses.''

Giuseppe MichieliThe <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/neuropathogenesis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#neuropathogenesis</a> of highly pathogenic <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/avian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#avian</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/influenza" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#influenza</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/H5Nx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#H5Nx</a> viruses in <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/mammalian" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#mammalian</a> species including <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/humans" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#humans</a>, Trends Neurosci., <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.002</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/epizootic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#epizootic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/panzootic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#panzootic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/zoonoses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#zoonoses</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/EIDs" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#EIDs</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/research" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#research</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pandemic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pandemic</a> <a href="https://mstdn.science/tags/pathology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pathology</a>

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